標準《在用含缺陷容積式換熱器安全評定》的特色和創新點綜述
容(rong)積式換熱器跟(gen)壓(ya)力管道是存在潛在危險(xian)的(de)(de)特別承壓(ya)設備(bei)，一旦產(chan)生(sheng)或泄漏，就會造成災(zai)害性事(shi)變(bian)。因此，確保(bao)此類設備(bei)的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)性，不僅對(dui)維護(hu)跟(gen)發展生(sheng)產(chan)力存在重要(yao)的(de)(de)意思，而且(qie)對(dui)維護(hu)社會安定(ding)跟(gen)增進改革開放更存在重要(yao)的(de)(de)意思。
因為歷史、技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)治理上(shang)(shang)的(de)起因，壓(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)20世紀80年代之前生(sheng)產投入(ru)利用(yong)的(de)容(rong)(rong)積(ji)(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)普遍存(cun)在(zai)(zai)制造品質差、缺(que)點(dian)重大等凸起問題(ti)，加上(shang)(shang)不少設(she)備超期(qi)服役，/帶病“運行跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)保(bao)險評估(gu)技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)落(luo)伍，跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)泄漏(lou)事變(bian)時有產生(sheng)。因此(ci)(ci)，依附科學技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)，對此(ci)(ci)類設(she)備中的(de)缺(que)點(dian)進(jin)(jin)行科學的(de)保(bao)險評估(gu)，降落(luo)事變(bian)率(lv)，有效(xiao)保(bao)障保(bao)險生(sheng)產，是(shi)十分重要跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)急切的(de)。/八五”國度重點(dian)科技(ji)(ji)攻(gong)(gong)關(guan)課(ke)題(ti)/在(zai)(zai)役容(rong)(rong)積(ji)(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)保(bao)險評估(gu)與防(fang)備技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)研究(jiu)“跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)‘九五”國度重點(dian)科技(ji)(ji)攻(gong)(gong)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)題(ti)/在(zai)(zai)役含缺(que)點(dian)壓(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道保(bao)險評定(ding)(ding)要害技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)研究(jiu)針對國內容(rong)(rong)積(ji)(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)與壓(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道長期(qi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)共性(xing)問題(ti)，依據彈塑性(xing)斷裂實(shi)際(ji)(ji)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)保(bao)險評定(ding)(ding)技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)的(de)進(jin)(jin)展，組織國內的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家，進(jin)(jin)行體系的(de)含缺(que)點(dian)容(rong)(rong)積(ji)(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)與壓(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道保(bao)險評定(ding)(ding)技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)研究(jiu)，對若干要害的(de)技(ji)(ji)巧(qiao)問題(ti)進(jin)(jin)行了重點(dian)攻(gong)(gong)關(guan)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)綜合研究(jiu)，獲得(de)了一(yi)系列達到國際(ji)(ji)當先或國際(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)步水平的(de)結(jie)果。
以上述研(yan)究結果為(wei)基本(ben)，經(jing)過多(duo)年不懈地體系(xi)總結、連(lian)續跟(gen)接收國內外對于容(rong)(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)力(li)管道保(bao)(bao)險評定的實(shi)際、技巧(qiao)實(shi)際跟(gen)教(jiao)訓(xun)(xun)，國度標(biao)準(zhun)GB/T1962420045在用含缺點(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器(qi)保(bao)(bao)險評定》頒布了。這(zhe)一標(biao)準(zhun)集(ji)成了國內容(rong)(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)力(li)管道保(bao)(bao)險評定的研(yan)究結果跟(gen)工程實(shi)際教(jiao)訓(xun)(xun)，使國內在用含缺點(dian)承壓(ya)設(she)備保(bao)(bao)險評定技巧(qiao)進步到當代國際水平(ping)(ping)，為(wei)降落國內容(rong)(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)力(li)管道災害性事(shi)變率供(gong)給了有效的技巧(qiao)手段，并為(wei)晉升國內在用容(rong)(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)壓(ya)力(li)管道科學治理(li)水平(ping)(ping)以及加入WT0后(hou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)國外的技巧(qiao)跟(gen)經(jing)貿(mao)關聯奠(dian)定了一定的技巧(qiao)基本(ben)。
文(wen)中(zhong)簡要綜述了(le)該標準的特點(dian)跟翻(fan)新點(dian)。
1該(gai)標準(zhun)的特點(dian)跟(gen)翻新點(dian)該(gai)標準(zhun)存在如下12個特點(dian)跟(gen)翻新點(dian)。
1.1容積式換(huan)熱器的(de)斷裂及塑性生效評(ping)定(ding)采(cai)取(qu)三(san)級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)的(de)技(ji)巧路線20世紀80年代以來，世界各國出(chu)版(ban)或再(zai)版(ban)了(le)一(yi)系列缺點保險評(ping)定(ding)標準跟規程(cheng)。其中的(de)R6―86第(di)3次勘誤版(ban)、PD649391JIW/I1S導(dao)則SST-1157-90等(deng)但PD6493的(de)三(san)級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)跟R6的(de)三(san)級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)無論在目標還是方(fang)法上均有較大差別。
R6方法(fa)的(de)(de)三級評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)可簡(jian)稱為(wei)3種(zhong)(zhong)抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)、3品種(zhong)(zhong)別。R6方法(fa)完全(quan)采取生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖(tu)技(ji)巧，而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)曲(qu)線(xian)有(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)：第3抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)是嚴格的(de)(de)K=/=生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)曲(qu)線(xian)；第2抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)是Ainsworth提出的(de)(de)僅反(fan)應(ying)資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)機(ji)能而(er)忽(hu)視結構(gou)因素(su)的(de)(de)以應(ying)力法(fa)進行(xing)簡(jian)化的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)曲(qu)線(xian)；第1抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)是按(an)各種(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)抉(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)擇(ze)二曲(qu)線(xian)的(de)(de)下包絡線(xian)作出的(de)(de)守舊的(de)(de)通用生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)曲(qu)線(xian)，十分(fen)簡(jian)單(dan)，可用于資(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)跟結構(gou)。3品種(zhong)(zhong)別是指評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)3個不同(tong)目標，即起(qi)裂(lie)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、有(you)限量撕裂(lie)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)跟撕裂(lie)失穩評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。R6的(de)(de)三級評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)較地反(fan)應(ying)了以生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖(tu)技(ji)巧為(wei)基本的(de)(de)斷裂(lie)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)。
PD6493-91的三級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)也都采(cai)取(qu)生(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)圖(tu)技(ji)巧(qiao)：第(di)(di)1級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)實際上(shang)連續了老版的COD設(she)計(ji)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)法，然而以(yi)生(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)圖(tu)的情勢表示，是初步(bu)的篩(shai)選方法；第(di)(di)2級(ji)采(cai)取(qu)了在(zai)(zai)新(xin)版R6中己經放棄的老版R6的以(yi)D-M模型(xing)為基本(ben)的通(tong)用生(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)圖(tu)；第(di)(di)3級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)采(cai)取(qu)R6的抉(jue)擇(ze)2曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)，并在(zai)(zai)應(ying)力應(ying)變曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)不能(neng)判(pan)斷時采(cai)取(qu)R6的抉(jue)擇(ze)1的通(tong)用生(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)。作為其重要的、新(xin)的、的評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方法，第(di)(di)2級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)跟第(di)(di)1級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)一樣，均以(yi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)點落在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)以(yi)內還是以(yi)外來(lai)判(pan)斷其保(bao)險水平。應(ying)當指(zhi)出(chu)，該方法并未明白評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)是起裂評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)還是有限量撕(si)裂評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)。
本標準的(de)生效(xiao)評(ping)定(ding)也(ye)采取三級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)的(de)技(ji)巧(qiao)(qiao)路(lu)線(xian)，與(yu)英國(guo)(guo)CEGBR6面(mian)缺點的(de)簡化(hua)評(ping)定(ding)、平(ping)面(mian)缺點的(de)通(tong)例評(ping)定(ding)跟(gen)(gen)平(ping)面(mian)缺點的(de)剖析評(ping)定(ding)，也(ye)可稱為(wei)一級(ji)、二級(ji)、三級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)。三級(ji)評(ping)定(ding)的(de)技(ji)巧(qiao)(qiao)路(lu)線(xian)，既踴躍跟(gen)(gen)蹤國(guo)(guo)際進(jin)步(bu)技(ji)巧(qiao)(qiao)，對其進(jin)行連續跟(gen)(gen)發展、從而與(yu)國(guo)(guo)際接軌，又(you)反應(ying)了國(guo)(guo)內成(cheng)熟的(de)科(ke)研結果跟(gen)(gen)實(shi)際教訓，從而存在中國(guo)(guo)特點。
合國內國4情(qing)的(de)(de)厲(li)依據，拍(pai)也為(wei)缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)通(tong)例評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)規評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)與剖析評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)之間公道連(lian)接，://www.cnkinet COD設計曲線(xian)，但PD6493-91采取生(sheng)效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)圖(tu)情(qing)勢(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)它的(de)(de)COD曲線(xian)轉變為(wei)生(sheng)效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)圖(tu)，這一技巧為(wei)本標(biao)準(zhun)簡(jian)化評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)的(de)(de)樹(shu)破供給(gei)了(le)鑒戒(jie)。因此(ci)，本標(biao)準(zhun)采取BSIPD6493-91的(de)(de)辦法，將(jiang)COD設計曲線(xian)轉換為(wei)生(sheng)效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)圖(tu)的(de)(de)情(qing)勢(shi)(shi)。
本標準的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)化(hua)評(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)在以(yi)(yi)下方面(mian)與PD6493 -91是(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)：采取認為(wei)縱坐標并用符(fu)號JD表示的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)化(hua)生效(xiao)評(ping)定(ding)圖；考(kao)慮保(bao)險系數(shu)為(wei)2，即以(yi)(yi)D/ 2為(wei)臨界前提，從而判斷(duan)了呈水平(ping)狀的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)裂(lie)生效(xiao)評(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)線JDD h）/2S）表示，并限度(du)Sr=0.8，即以(yi)(yi)Sr=08為(wei)截止線；所以(yi)(yi)評(ping)定(ding)點認為(wei)參量時的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)化(hua)生效(xiao)評(ping)定(ding)圖是(shi)矩形的(de)(de)(de)。
-91的D按(an)(an)Burdikin的COD設計曲線盤算，而本(ben)標(biao)準(zhun)按(an)(an)CVDA 8~1.2時，在此區間內，寬板實驗的斷裂點常落在Bu-dikin設計曲線之上跟(gen)CVDA曲線之下，說明CVDA -91更合乎(hu)實際，技巧(qiao)更為進步，評定更為保險。
1.3容積(ji)式(shi)換(huan)熱器平(ping)面缺點的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)例評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)法采(cai)(cai)取R6第3修改(gai)版的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用生效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)曲線并(bing)選取了合乎(hu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內國(guo)(guo)(guo)情(qing)的(de)(de)分保險系數從進步(bu)性、成熟性、工(gong)程實用性綜(zong)合考(kao)慮，本標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)在通(tong)(tong)(tong)例評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)取R6的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用生效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖進行(xing)避免起裂的(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。其起因如下(xia)：20世紀90年(nian)代，世界(jie)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)發表的(de)(de)所有標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)跟規(gui)程均(jun)采(cai)(cai)取R6的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)用生效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖，說明它是世界(jie)公認的(de)(de)工(gong)程評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)法。采(cai)(cai)取技巧上(shang)較成熟的(de)(de)R6通(tong)(tong)(tong)用生效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖，既與國(guo)(guo)(guo)際接軌(gui)，又便于(yu)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)外標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)跟規(gui)程對(dui)(dui)比(bi)，有利于(yu)對(dui)(dui)該(gai)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)一(yi)些細節作(zuo)出(chu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)估。
924-02-02專題樹破的(de)(de)(de)(de)國內常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)容(rong)(rong)積式(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)材、焊(han)縫(feng)、各(ge)種(zhong)試(shi)板、容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、焊(han)接(jie)接(jie)頭、各(ge)種(zhong)穿透裂紋(wen)跟(gen)名義裂紋(wen)、高應(ying)變區裂紋(wen)、應(ying)變時效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)或溫度影響下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)800多條嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)J積分生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)R6通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)對比表明(ming)：在絕大多數情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，R6通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)偏于保險的(de)(de)(de)(de)，誠(cheng)然在個別情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，嚴(yan)(yan)格生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)會比R6通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)略低(di)，但所有(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)包(bao)絡線(xian)(xian)(xian)在Lr 20世紀(ji)末，歐(ou)盟(meng)各(ge)國組織研(yan)究編(bian)制了(le)(le)歐(ou)洲(zhou)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產業結構完全(quan)性(xing)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法SINTAP-99，R6發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)4版(ban)也作(zuo)了(le)(le)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)改(gai)(gai)。其(qi)中，針對長屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)無(wu)屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼有(you)(you)(you)很大差別，發展了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新R6稱為有(you)(you)(you)屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)似抉(jue)(jue)擇(ze)(ze)2曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，SINTAP稱為第(di)1級之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，從(cong)而解決了(le)(le)采取(qu)R6通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時被迫取(qu)1所帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些問題。2003年，依(yi)據國外(wai)這一(yi)(yi)結果(guo)對該(gai)標(biao)準草(cao)案作(zuo)了(le)(le)局部(bu)修(xiu)改(gai)(gai)，即依(yi)據新R6的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)似抉(jue)(jue)擇(ze)(ze)2曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)新R6通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別，給出(chu)了(le)(le)不同(tong)強度長屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼在不同(tong)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劃定(ding)，從(cong)而使得該(gai)標(biao)準名義上只(zhi)采取(qu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)條通用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，但實質上達到了(le)(le)同(tong)時采取(qu)新R6有(you)(you)(you)長屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺跟(gen)無(wu)屈(qu)(qu)從(cong)平(ping)(ping)臺資(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩條近(jin)似抉(jue)(jue)擇(ze)(ze)2曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果(guo)。
1.4容(rong)(rong)積(ji)式換熱器平面缺(que)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)剖(pou)析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定采(cai)取(qu)EPRI-82工程(cheng)優(you)化(hua)(hua)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，并(bing)有翻新(xin)平面缺(que)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)剖(pou)析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定直接采(cai)取(qu)J積(ji)分為斷(duan)裂(lie)參(can)量，是嚴格的(de)(de)(de)彈塑(su)性斷(duan)裂(lie)力學方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，該方法(fa)(fa)(fa)能(neng)正確(que)地評(ping)(ping)(ping)定含缺(que)點(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器從起裂(lie)、有限(xian)量撕(si)裂(lie)、直至撕(si)裂(lie)失穩(wen)的(de)(de)(de)全進程(cheng)。PD6493-91的(de)(de)(de)第3級評(ping)(ping)(ping)定采(cai)取(qu)通用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)定曲線(xian)及R6的(de)(de)(de)抉擇(ze)2曲線(xian)并(bing)非嚴格的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)定曲線(xian)，難于達(da)(da)到正確(que)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定的(de)(de)(de)目標。R6的(de)(de)(de)抉擇(ze)3生(sheng)(sheng)效評(ping)(ping)(ping)定曲線(xian)中(zhong)舉3類(lei)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定方法(fa)(fa)(fa)能(neng)達(da)(da)到精(jing)巧評(ping)(ping)(ping)定的(de)(de)(de)請(qing)求。精(jing)巧評(ping)(ping)(ping)定也可能(neng)采(cai)取(qu)與R6抉擇(ze)3等價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)、由EPRI樹破(po)的(de)(de)(de)牢(lao)固性評(ping)(ping)(ping)定圖法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)J的(de)(de)(de)失穩(wen)前(qian)提，依據阻(zu)力曲線(xian)與推(tui)力曲線(xian)相切(qie)來判(pan)斷(duan)其失穩(wen)點(dian)(dian)，但切(qie)點(dian)(dian)難于判(pan)斷(duan)。該標準采(cai)取(qu)/優(you)化(hua)(hua)“方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，即由給(gei)定的(de)(de)(de)ak尋求滿(man)意(yi)均衡前(qian)提J=Jr的(de)(de)(de)相容(rong)(rong)應力k，各相容(rong)(rong)應力的(de)(de)(de)值即為失穩(wen)應力，并(bing)用(yong)軟(ruan)件來實現(xian)，稱(cheng)為EPRI工程(cheng)優(you)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，反應了國內的(de)(de)(de)翻新(xin)結果。
剖(pou)析(xi)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)須要十分詳盡的(de)(de)原始資(zi)(zi)料，例如(ru)堅固(gu)的(de)(de)J積分解跟資(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)整條Jr阻力曲線等。因此，剖(pou)析(xi)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)重(zhong)要用于(yu)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)大型容(rong)器或部件(jian)含(han)有通(tong)例評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)不能(neng)通(tong)過的(de)(de)缺點且又難于(yu)返修的(de)(de)場合(he)。同時，剖(pou)析(xi)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)也是通(tong)例評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)技(ji)巧基本，是研究、發展、評(ping)(ping)估通(tong)例評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)跟簡化評(ping)(ping)定(ding)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要手(shou)段。
目(mu)前(qian)，僅有局部含裂紋結構的(de)J積分解，因此，還不是情況下(xia)都能采(cai)取剖析評(ping)定，且(qie)只能由專家(jia)利(li)用(yong)。
時逆(ni)福-通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不再守恒，墟技巧難(nan)度較采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)lishingH在(zai)(zai)疲勞(lao)慰樺(hua)愚寸跟雄(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)盤(pan)算。筧在(zai)(zai)平(ping)面缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)跟剖析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中，分辨(bian)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)了不同的(de)(de)(de)分保(bao)險系數，使三級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)公(gong)道連(lian)接(jie)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)與(yu)(yu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)各(ge)(ge)自由生(sheng)效(xiao)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)圖(tu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)“保(bao)險”區域的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)較、各(ge)(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)“額定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”保(bao)險裕度估算比(bi)(bi)較、以及大量的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)或(huo)(huo)(huo)模仿案例(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)結果的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)較，均(jun)未發明(ming)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)而(er)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)/逆(ni)轉(zhuan)“情(qing)況。對(dui)不少評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)案例(li)(li)(li)同時采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)與(yu)(yu)剖析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)進行評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，結果表明(ming)也不存(cun)在(zai)(zai)/逆(ni)轉(zhuan)”景象(xiang)。這(zhe)種公(gong)道的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)安(an)排，為三級(ji)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)樹破(po)了各(ge)(ge)級(ji)既獨破(po)，又彼此接(jie)洽(qia)跟連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)道關聯，也為用(yong)(yong)戶依據實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)一級(ji)保(bao)險評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)進行平(ping)面缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)險評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)供給(gei)了可(ke)能。用(yong)(yong)戶個別可(ke)先采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，該標(biao)準容(rong)許在(zai)(zai)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)期采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在(zai)(zai)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下直接(jie)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)剖析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)對(dui)含缺(que)點(dian)結構做出保(bao)險與(yu)(yu)否(fou)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估；或(huo)(huo)(huo)當(dang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)例(li)(li)(li)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)不通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)期，在(zai)(zai)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下可(ke)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)剖析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)對(dui)其進行剖析(xi)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，以便更(geng)科學地給(gei)出保(bao)險與(yu)(yu)否(fou)的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)斷。
1.6采(cai)取/八五“重(zhong)點(dian)科技(ji)攻關(guan)開創的(de)(de)容積式(shi)換熱器凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)點(dian)塑性限(xian)載荷剖(pou)析法，對凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)點(dian)進行(xing)保險(xian)評(ping)定凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)是容積式(shi)換熱器常見(jian)缺(que)點(dian)之一(yi)。凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)可能由腐化或機械傷(shang)害產(chan)生(sheng)，也可能因為(wei)打(da)磨名義裂紋或近(jin)名義的(de)(de)其余缺(que)點(dian)而形成。凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)比裂紋保險(xian)得(de)多，假如能供給堅固的(de)(de)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)保險(xian)評(ping)定方法，不僅(jin)可使(shi)相稱局(ju)部的(de)(de)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)免于焊補，并可避(bi)免焊補導致新裂紋產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)危險(xian)，有重(zhong)大的(de)(de)事實意思。
容積式(shi)換熱器凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)破(po)壞可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)整體塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)垮(kua)塌，也可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)底部(bu)局部(bu)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)破(po)壞。通過對(dui)大(da)量帶各類凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)平板、球殼(ke)(ke)、筒殼(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)彈塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)剖(pou)析、限載(zai)荷(he)剖(pou)析、安定性(xing)(xing)載(zai)荷(he)盤算(suan)及(ji)一(yi)些實(shi)驗(yan)驗(yan)證，發(fa)明凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)對(dui)容器塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)限承(cheng)載(zai)才(cai)干的(de)(de)(de)減弱與凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)無(wu)因(yin)次(ci)深度c/t及(ji)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)無(wu)因(yin)次(ci)長度a/7'RT之積密切相干，并由此(ci)判(pan)斷(duan)了(le)無(wu)窮綱參(can)數Go.研究表明：在(zai)G 本標準提出的(de)(de)(de)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)評定方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，實(shi)際(ji)謹(jin)嚴、概念清楚、方(fang)法(fa)(fa)簡單(dan)，并己在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)利用中處理了(le)相稱(cheng)多的(de)(de)(de)案例，是(shi)國內(nei)開(kai)創的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，可(ke)(ke)能/解放“相稱(cheng)大(da)一(yi)局部(bu)凹(ao)(ao)(ao)坑(keng)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)。在(zai)無(wu)面型(xing)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)同時存在(zai)時，這一(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)足(zu)夠守舊跟相稱(cheng)保險的(de)(de)(de)。
1.7采取(qu)了/八五(wu)“重點科技(ji)攻(gong)關(guan)中處理(li)二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法等(deng)結(jie)果焊接(jie)容積(ji)式換熱器不可避(bi)免(mian)地存(cun)在(zai)焊接(jie)殘余(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)及熱應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)。二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)自(zi)均衡應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，又存(cun)在(zai)自(zi)限性，在(zai)外力(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)用下可能局(ju)部塑性松馳(chi)或再散布，X寸斷裂的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)有(you)(you)時很大，有(you)(you)時很小。存(cun)在(zai)二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)用生效評定曲線及Ainsworth提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)P因子來處理(li)二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法代(dai)表了國(guo)際(ji)(ji)上進步的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平。然而，R6的(de)(de)(de)編者在(zai)背景資料中亦(yi)不得不否定這(zhe)個方(fang)法用于(yu)小裂紋位于(yu)高值殘余(yu)拉伸應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)區是(shi)(shi)不保險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)，用于(yu)其余(yu)情況又過分守舊，從而引(yin)起不少爭議(yi)跟新倡(chang)導。/八五(wu)”攻(gong)關(guan)中樹破了有(you)(you)二次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)存(cun)在(zai)時守恒的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)改(gai)J積(ji)分及其盤(pan)算程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，揭示了R6的(de)(de)(de)P因子存(cun)在(zai)問題的(de)(de)(de)要害所在(zai)，即(ji)在(zai)推導進程(cheng)(cheng)中所采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)一個假設(she)是(shi)(shi)錯誤的(de)(de)(de)，從而導出(chu)了一套比R6法更進步的(de)(de)(de)P因子。實(shi)際(ji)(ji)跟實(shi)驗都證明這(zhe)套P因子比R6的(de)(de)(de)P因子更合乎客觀實(shi)際(ji)(ji)，存(cun)在(zai)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)進步水(shui)平。本標(biao)準采取(qu)了/八五(wu)“攻(gong)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一結(jie)果用于(yu)平面(mian)缺(que)點的(de)(de)(de)通例評定。
此(ci)外，在(zai)有二(er)次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)下的(de)(de)(de)嚴格(ge)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)斷裂(lie)力(li)(li)(li)學實(shi)(shi)際(ji)剖(pou)析(xi)盤算(suan)證明：CVDA―84中處理二(er)次應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)系數(shu)X.不(bu)是常(chang)數(shu)，且變更很(hen)大。從既要堅持(chi)原(yuan)有評(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)法，又(you)要保(bao)(bao)障保(bao)(bao)險的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)出(chu)發(fa)，該標(biao)準對CVDA 1.8采(cai)取了(le)國內(nei)開創的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)紋間(jian)(jian)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)干(gan)涉效應(ying)(ying)剖(pou)析(xi)法在(zai)工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)中，缺(que)點(dian)往往不(bu)是孤破存(cun)(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)。目前，世(shi)界各國的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準跟(gen)規程(cheng)都劃定(ding)(ding)：相(xiang)鄰缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)導致(zhi)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)強度(du)因子(zi)加率達(da)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)水平時(shi)(shi)，必須將此(ci)兩(liang)條(tiao)裂(lie)紋作為己(ji)貫穿的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個大裂(lie)紋處理。/八五“攻關(guan)(guan)研(yan)究發(fa)明：裂(lie)紋間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)干(gan)涉效應(ying)(ying)G=雙(shuang)J單比線彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)干(gan)涉效應(ying)(ying)K琢(zhuo)/Ki單大得多，并與(yu)資料的(de)(de)(de)本構關(guan)(guan)聯跟(gen)載荷水平有關(guan)(guan)。例如兩(liang)相(xiang)鄰等長(chang)裂(lie)紋間(jian)(jian)距超(chao)過裂(lie)紋長(chang)度(du)時(shi)(shi)，按其余標(biao)準跟(gen)規程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)劃定(ding)(ding)，不(bu)考慮二(er)者間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)彼此(ci)影(ying)響(xiang)。但(dan)盤算(suan)表明：對A533B資料來(lai)(lai)說，在(zai)L>1時(shi)(shi)，G可達(da)到(dao)1.4；對16MnR，當Lr=1時(shi)(shi)，G可達(da)21.顯然，在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下忽視缺(que)點(dian)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)彼此(ci)影(ying)響(xiang)會帶來(lai)(lai)危險的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。/八五”科技攻關(guan)(guan)研(yan)究表明：只有在(zai)單裂(lie)紋的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)強度(du)因子(zi)上乘以相(xiang)鄰缺(que)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)干(gan)涉效應(ying)(ying)G，即可利用(yong)通用(yong)生效評(ping)定(ding)(ding)曲線實(shi)(shi)現考慮裂(lie)紋間(jian)(jian)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)干(gan)涉效應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)斷裂(lie)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)。該標(biao)準依據不(bu)同應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)變關(guan)(guan)聯資料的(de)(de)(de)盤算(suan)結果(guo)給出(chu)了(le)G值的(de)(de)(de)估算(suan)公式，并以表格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)勢給出(chu)了(le)其數(shu)值解，利用(yong)便利，這(zhe)(zhe)屬(shu)國際(ji)開創。
1.9在疲(pi)勞評定(ding)(ding)中充分考(kao)慮(lv)科學、保險跟(gen)簡便在疲(pi)勞評定(ding)(ding)中盡可能從服役容(rong)器上(shang)取(qu)樣，按GB6398一(yi)1986《金屬資料疲(pi)勞裂(lie)紋擴大速率實驗(yan)方法(fa)》的(de)劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)進行實驗(yan)。依據實驗(yan)數據，用(yong)二(er)乘法(fa)回歸盤算得(de)到參(can)數A跟(gen)m，并且用(yong)二(er)乘法(fa)回歸得(de)到的(de)A值應乘以(yi)一(yi)個不小于4.0的(de)系數后(hou)才干作為評定(ding)(ding)所取(qu)用(yong)的(de)A值。實驗(yan)數據表明：對16MnR等資料而言，按這一(yi)劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)進行參(can)數抉擇，存活率在99.99%以(yi)上(shang)。
應力變更范(fan)疇進程一(yi)一(yi)輪回(hui)(hui)盤算(suan)法(fa)。研究表(biao)明：基于Paris公式及(ji)Newman-Rujas應力強(qiang)度因子(zi)解的一(yi)一(yi)輪回(hui)(hui)盤算(suan)法(fa)，不僅切實踐較為周(zhou)到(dao)，而且其精度比WES2805 83的川(chuan)原正言(yan)法(fa)及(ji)BSIPD6493-91的多級S-N曲線法(fa)高。除一(yi)一(yi)輪回(hui)(hui)盤算(suan)法(fa)外，還(huan)倡導采(cai)取(qu)分段(duan)盤算(suan)法(fa)，可能(neng)大幅(fu)度減少盤算(suan)工(gong)作量，甚至可能(neng)用手工(gong)實現。
對免于(yu)疲勞評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)的(de)判斷，不僅給出(chu)Ki 1.10壓力管(guan)道(dao)周向(xiang)面(mian)型(xing)缺(que)點保險(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)采(cai)取了(le)/九五“重點科(ke)技攻關翻新性(xing)研究結(jie)(jie)果一U因(yin)子(zi)(zi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)在壓力管(guan)道(dao)面(mian)型(xing)缺(que)點保險(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，采(cai)取了(le)國度自(zi)由抉擇保險(xian)系(xi)數的(de)簡化因(yin)子(zi)(zi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)一以(yi)起裂(lie)為(wei)斷裂(lie)判據，同(tong)時可能實(shi)現含(han)周向(xiang)面(mian)型(xing)缺(que)點壓力管(guan)道(dao)起裂(lie)跟(gen)塑性(xing)生效保險(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)的(de)U因(yin)子(zi)(zi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。該方(fang)(fang)法(fa)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)簡便，只有查表進(jin)(jin)行簡單的(de)算術運算就可能實(shi)現拉、彎、扭、內壓結(jie)(jie)合載荷作用下的(de)周向(xiang)面(mian)型(xing)缺(que)點保險(xian)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)。國際上至今還不適(shi)應面(mian)如此廣、評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)如此簡便、且評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)精度很高(gao)的(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)評(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。
1.11壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)體型缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)采(cai)取(qu)了(le)/九五“重(zhong)點(dian)科技(ji)攻關翻(fan)新性(xing)研究結果一含(han)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)減薄(bo)(bo)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)塑(su)(su)性(xing)限載(zai)荷(he)(he)工(gong)程評(ping)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)與含(han)凹坑容積(ji)式(shi)換熱器保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)比(bi)較(jiao)，含(han)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)減薄(bo)(bo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)更(geng)為(wei)龐(pang)雜。首先，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)除蒙受內(nei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)外，還同時蒙受拉、彎(wan)等組合載(zai)荷(he)(he)；其(qi)次，保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)所須要的(de)(de)管(guan)系(xi)內(nei)力(li)(li)跟(gen)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)個別只能通(tong)過數值盤算(suan)剖析的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)求得，這對個別考試(shi)跟(gen)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)人員而言存在很大(da)的(de)(de)難度。為(wei)解決上(shang)述困難，本(ben)標準(zhun)采(cai)取(qu)了(le)國度‘九五”科技(ji)攻關專題提出的(de)(de)以塑(su)(su)性(xing)限載(zai)荷(he)(he)實際跟(gen)含(han)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)減薄(bo)(bo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)塑(su)(su)性(xing)限載(zai)荷(he)(he)擬合盤算(suan)公式(shi)為(wei)基本(ben)的(de)(de)工(gong)程評(ping)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)，尤其(qi)是(shi)采(cai)取(qu)了(le)毋庸(yong)進行龐(pang)雜的(de)(de)管(guan)系(xi)內(nei)力(li)(li)跟(gen)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)盤算(suan)、利(li)用為(wei)簡(jian)便的(de)(de)免于(yu)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)前提。該標準(zhun)提出的(de)(de)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)減薄(bo)(bo)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)實際謹嚴、方法(fa)(fa)簡(jian)單，是(shi)國內(nei)開(kai)創的(de)(de)一種管(guan)道(dao)(dao)缺(que)(que)(que)點(dian)保險(xian)評(ping)定(ding)(ding)方法(fa)(fa)。
將此(ci)方法偏守舊(jiu)天時用于含其余體型缺(que)點管道，可能進行含氣孔、夾(jia)渣(zha)跟(gen)生效(xiao)模式為塑性失穩的未焊透等缺(que)點的壓(ya)力(li)管道的保險評定。
1.12強調(diao)了/保(bao)險(xian)(xian)評定(ding)(ding)的個(ge)別準則“、”生效模式的判斷(duan)“以及/保(bao)險(xian)(xian)評定(ding)(ding)方法的抉擇‘的必要性(xing)跟(gen)重要性(xing)本標(biao)準強調(diao)了在用(yong)含缺點(dian)容積式換熱器(qi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)評定(ding)(ding)的個(ge)別準則：保(bao)險(xian)(xian)評定(ding)(ding)應(ying)包(bao)含對評定(ding)(ding)對象的狀況考察、缺點(dian)檢測、缺點(dian)成(cheng)因剖(pou)析、生效模式判斷(duan)、材質考試(shi)、應(ying)力剖(pou)析、必要的實驗與盤算(suan)，并(bing)依據(ju)該標(biao)準的劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)對評定(ding)(ding)對象的保(bao)險(xian)(xian)性(xing)進行綜合剖(pou)析跟(gen)評估。
對生(sheng)效模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)跟(gen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)定(ding)方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)抉擇(ze)進(jin)行了準則(ze)劃(hua)定(ding)：判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)生(sheng)效模(mo)式(shi)(shi)應(ying)依據同類容(rong)積式(shi)(shi)換熱器或(huo)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效剖析跟(gen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)定(ding)案例與教訓、被評(ping)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)積式(shi)(shi)換熱器或(huo)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)制造跟(gen)考試資(zi)料、利用工況以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)對缺點(dian)進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)理化考試跟(gen)物理診(zhen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)結果，對可(ke)能存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)腐化、應(ying)力(li)腐化、溫度環境跟(gen)體(ti)系狀況等對生(sheng)效模(mo)式(shi)(shi)跟(gen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，應(ying)予以(yi)(yi)(yi)充分的(de)(de)(de)考慮。保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)定(ding)方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)抉擇(ze)應(ying)以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免(mian)在(zai)劃(hua)定(ding)工況下保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評(ping)按期內產生(sheng)各種(zhong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效而導致事變的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能為準則(ze)，對各種(zhong)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)效模(mo)式(shi)(shi)進(jin)行判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)或(huo)評(ping)估后(hou)，才干作(zuo)出(chu)含(han)缺點(dian)容(rong)器、結構(gou)是否(fou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)論斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。
上述劃定(ding)(ding)從內(nei)涵(han)上指出了對在用含缺點容(rong)積(ji)式(shi)換熱(re)器進行保險評定(ding)(ding)時，將(jiang)力(li)學(xue)的(de)保險評定(ding)(ding)技巧跟(gen)方法(fa)與物理(li)上的(de)保險評定(ding)(ding)技巧跟(gen)方法(fa)周到結合(he)的(de)必要性。
2結束語綜上所述(shu)，本標(biao)準(zhun)是通過/八(ba)五“國(guo)(guo)(guo)度重(zhong)點科技(ji)(ji)攻關(guan)研(yan)究(jiu)，接收了/九五”國(guo)(guo)(guo)度重(zhong)點科技(ji)(ji)攻關(guan)的(de)(de)局部結果，經(jing)過12年的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)、撰寫、修改跟一(yi)直后實現的(de)(de)。它(ta)(ta)是國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)科技(ji)(ji)工(gong)作者潛心研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)結果，是一(yi)部領(ling)有自主常識產權的(de)(de)進(jin)步的(de)(de)大型國(guo)(guo)(guo)度標(biao)準(zhun)。它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)頒布、發(fa)行跟履行，不僅為國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)容積(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)與(yu)壓力(li)(li)管道的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評定供給了可遵守的(de)(de)、權威(wei)的(de)(de)科學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)，也必將(jiang)進(jin)一(yi)步推動國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)在用含缺點容積(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)與(yu)壓力(li)(li)管道保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評定工(gong)作的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，更好地(di)保(bao)障此(ci)類設備的(de)(de)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，并(bing)將(jiang)進(jin)一(yi)步增(zeng)進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)容積(ji)式換(huan)熱器(qi)與(yu)壓力(li)(li)管道整體保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)評估跟危險(xian)(xian)(xian)評估科學(xue)技(ji)(ji)巧跟方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)、發(fa)展(zhan)跟進(jin)步。
應(ying)當指出，該標準的主體是(shi)在1995年(nian)前的“八五”
攻關(guan)中實現的，距今己10年了(le)。近十年來(lai)，國內外(wai)在結構完全性評定技巧(qiao)方面，無論(lun)是(shi)深度還是(shi)廣度，都有了(le)很(hen)多新的發展。該標準還應與時俱進，爭奪再版時得到進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)的跟進步(bu)(bu)。
